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With El Clasico looming on the horizon, reigning champion Madrid was stunned by newly promoted Cadiz as LaLiga resumed on Sunday (AEDT) after the international break.
However, Barca missed the chance to move level on points with its rival ahead of next weekend's showdown at Camp Nou.
Jaime Mata's 56th-minute penalty was enough for Getafe to secure a first league win over its illustrious opponent since a similar 1-0 result back in November 2011, a run of 16 games.
Lionel Messi struck a post and Getafe captain Djene Dakonam was spared from scoring an own goal by the crossbar, but after starting his reign with back-to-back wins, Koeman has now seen his side pick up a solitary point from its past two outings, laying bare the size of the task on his hands.
Ousmane Dembele made his first start of 2020 and there was also an opportunity handed to teenager Pedri from the outset, suggesting the new boss will show faith in youth during the rebuilding job required.
Still, it is a big-money signing who will once again come under the spotlight, Antoine Griezmann squandering his team's best chance to leave him still without a goal at club level in the early stages of the 2020-2021 season.
The French forward wastefully blasted over when clean through in a first half consistently punctuated by the sound of referee Cesar Soto Grado's whistle, with five players shown yellow cards.
Getafe had rarely threatened before Frenkie de Jong helped out, the midfielder clumsily catching Dakonam inside the area as he rushed in attempting to win the ball.
Mata duly converted from the spot, sending Neto the wrong way, and the dogged hosts held firm to their slender advantage through to the final whistle.
In an eventful finish to proceedings not in keeping with the rest of the contest, Juan Hernandez blazed over at one end before Getafe was saved by the woodwork in stoppage-time, Barca unable to find a late leveller its performance scarcely merited.
